1. The occurrence of vegetable pests and diseases Due to the continuous expansion of vegetable planting area, the increase of species and the increase of protected area, it provides abundant host and good survival and wintering conditions for the occurrence of pests and diseases, resulting in the expansion of the area of ​​pests and diseases. Increasingly, the situation is getting more complicated.
The current common diseases include downy mildew, sclerotinia, gray mold, anthracnose, blight, blight, etc. The pests are cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, beet armyworm, cotton bollworm, Liriomyza sativae, etc. Sexual diseases and weeds also cause significant losses to vegetable production. According to the analysis of the area and damage caused by diseases and insects in recent years, the occurrence of vegetable pests and diseases has the following characteristics: (1) American spotted dung rope, Noctuidae, soil-borne diseases, viral diseases, bacterial and physiological diseases. When new diseases and insects rise, the damage is more serious and difficult to control; (2) gray mold, downy mildew, anthracnose, blight, and diamondback moths, mites and other long-term damage to old pests and diseases, and the resistance is enhanced. The damage caused is still very serious; (3) the area of ​​pests and diseases is increasing year by year. In 1998, the area of ​​pests and diseases was 4.7 times and 3.5 times that of 1990, respectively. The annual area of ​​pests was greater than the disease, but caused by diseases. The losses are greater than the losses caused by pests, so the disease is an important factor restricting the increase of vegetable yield; (4) The rapid expansion of the protected area provides conditions for the wintering of pests and diseases, making high-humidity, low-temperature diseases and small insect pests develop rapidly. The frequency of the epidemic is high, the resistance is rapid, and the damage is serious.
2. Prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases According to relevant statistical data, the area of ​​vegetable pest control has increased year by year in 1990-1998, and the area of ​​prevention and control of pests is greater than that of diseases. This is another point of view, the disease is the prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases. In a relatively weak aspect, it is necessary to strengthen the emphasis on disease prevention and control.
The current problems in the prevention and control of pests and diseases are: (1) The problem of pest resistance is outstanding. According to statistics, Plutella xylostella resistance to deltamethrin is up to 10,000 times, resistance to fenvalerate and malathion is 3000 times, and resistance to cypermethrin is also nearly 1000 times. Laiwu against Converse Resistance up to 6000 times, resistance to fenvalerate over 500 times, resistance to deltamethrin and malathion up to 400 times, resistance to dimethoate, acephate and dichlorvos up to 100 Times, resistance to omethoate is 20 times. (2) The problem of chemical pesticide abuse in vegetable fields is serious. In most parts of China, the control of pests and diseases in vegetable fields mainly relies on chemical pesticides. The average dosage of pesticides in each growing season is more than 20 times, and the proportion of pesticides exceeds 50%. (3) The quality of vegetable farmers and their ability to make decisions need to be improved, and training is urgently needed. In the survey, 89.6% of the farmers expressed their willingness to receive training. When encountering pests and diseases that they did not know, 54.2% of the farmers went to consult agricultural technicians. This shows that agricultural science and technology personnel are prestigious in the hearts of vegetable farmers. Plant protection technicians should give full play to their own technological advantages and vigorously carry out training and promotion of integrated pest management based on biological control.
Second, the application of biological control technology in the prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases 1. Protection and utilization of natural enemies The research and promotion of the industrial reproduction and field release technology of Trichogramma in China began in the 1960s and was first applied only to corn borer and sugar cane. The prevention and control of cockroaches, and gradually the application of a variety of Trichogramma to control vegetable pests. In Shanxi Province, the application of Trichogramma to large-scale control of spinach and lettuce field, the egg parasitism rate is 78.68%, while also controlling the small tigers in the vegetable garden adjacent to the cotton field, controlling the cotton seedlings to be less than 0.01%, and Compared with the photo, the relative seedling rate increased by 96.67%. In Jilin Province, the application of Trichogramma sinensis (plain type) to control the cabbage moth in the cabbage field, the effect reached 77.1%, reducing the use of chemical pesticides 5-7 times, effectively controlling the residual pollution of pesticides on vegetables. Beijing and Heilongjiang and other places to carry out the test of the use of Litchi bee to control whitefly in the protected area of ​​tomato, the effect can reach 90%, increase production by 20%, greatly reducing the pollution of chemical pesticides on vegetables. At present, many chemical pesticides pollute vegetables. At present, research and demonstration work on pollution-free vegetable production technology has been carried out in many areas. The number and types of natural enemy applications have increased significantly, reducing the cost of prevention and control by 10%-25%, and controlling pesticide residues in vegetables under the nationally permitted standards.
2. Development and application of microbial preparations (1) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt is the most successful research and development of bacterial pesticides in China. It has achieved commercialization and standardized production, and has evolved from a single powder dosage form to a variety of powders, emulsions and water-based agents. It has become the most widely used and most productive microorganism. preparation. After a series of process improvements, the quality and production efficiency of Bt products have been significantly improved, and the production costs have dropped significantly. It has won the trust of farmers and the application area has expanded rapidly. At present, there are more than 70 Bt preparation manufacturers in China, with an annual output of up to 20,000 tons and an annual application area of ​​over 3.33 million hectares. It has become the leading biological agent for controlling lepidopteran pests in vegetable production.
(2) Agricultural antibiotic preparations. The application of agricultural antibiotics in the prevention and control of vegetable diseases and insect pests in China has a long history and a high level. In the 1990s, the development and application of antibiotics entered a new climax, and avermectin was a typical representative. In 1996-1997, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center organized 11 provinces and municipalities, and carried out 14 species of pests in 3 orders and 7 families in the control of cruciferous, cucurbitaceae and solanaceous vegetables. More than 50 tests, such as pests and nematodes, have achieved good results. The target pests are mainly Liriomyza, Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, whitefly, thrips, leek, root-knot nematodes, beet armyworm, cabbage moth, sassafras, rapeseed, bean mites, mites and mites Etc., the insects have a good effect on the control of the main vegetable pests of Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera and P. The control effect on the 1st day after application was 83.3%, the control effect on 3d was 91.7%, the control effect on 5-7d was 93.8%, and the average effect period was 7-15d. The control of Liriomyza and some cockroaches The effect period is 25-30d, which has the characteristics of high control effect, quick effect and good effect. The control effects of resistant pests such as Plutella xylostella, Plutella xylostella, Liriomyza, and Spodoptera exigua are also ideal. There was no phytotoxicity problem in all areas, which further confirmed the safety of worms on crops.
In the past two years, Sichuan, Yunnan, Henan, Guangdong, Shandong, Hainan and Heilongjiang provinces have carried out experimental demonstrations on the prevention and control of vegetable virus diseases with Ningnanmycin. The results show that the effect of Ningnanmycin on tomato virus disease is 57.80%-72.68%, the control effect on green pepper disease is 72.10%-79.07%, the average control effect on cucumber virus disease is 85.27%, and the control effect against Chinese cabbage virus disease is 81.44%, which has ideal effect. . The use of agricultural anti-120 to control powdery mildew, melon wilt, Wuyincin to control cucumber powdery mildew, Liuyangmycin and Huaguangmycin killing experiments, demonstration work has also been carried out. According to statistics, as of the end of 1998, there were 16 varieties of agricultural antibiotics registered and produced in the country, with an annual output of 70,000 tons and an annual application area of ​​20 million hectares.
(3) Viral preparations. At present, 243 strains of viruses have been found in 196 species of insects in China, of which 58 viruses have been found in 46 species of tea tree pests. Parasitic insects involve 7 orders, 35 families and 127 genera, and more than 20 kinds of virus preparations have been tested in field control. Applied to vegetables, there are Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Beet armyworm granulosis virus, Spodoptera litura polyhedrosis virus, etc. The field control effect is at least 70%, up to 90%, and can be in the field. Natural reproduction, long-term effect.
(4) Fungal preparations. China has a long history of application of Beauveria bassiana to control lepidopteran pests. At present, the high content of spore powder of Beauveria bassiana contains live spores of 100 billion / g, and the preparation content is 5 billion - 10 billion / g. The Trichoderma preparation has been successfully developed, and the registration of pesticides has been obtained. It has a relatively good effect and application prospect for the control of vegetable gray mold.
3. Other preparations Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the insect information hormone has developed rapidly. At present, it has been able to synthesize insect attractants such as cotton bollworm and diamondback moth, and has been successfully applied to pest detection, fascination and trapping. Plant-derived insecticides such as nicotine, matrine, fish vine, and Chuanxiong are also partially used. In addition, the research on the use of nematodes to control vegetable pests was also carried out. Fujian Province carried out a test to release the main vegetable pests of Chinese hornworm, and the infection rate of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua was 60%-76.7%. The infection rate is 66%, and the control effect is very obvious, which is of great significance for the production of pollution-free vegetables.
III. Popularization measures 1. Vigorously carry out the propaganda work of biological control technology. The long-term dependence on chemical pesticides has destroyed the ecological structure of farmland. The natural enemy's ability to control the disease has been weakened, and the resistance of pests and diseases has developed rapidly, resulting in frequent and frequent occurrence of pests and diseases. Put the prevention and control work into a vicious circle. As a result, pesticide residues in agricultural products have exceeded the standard seriously, directly threatening the health and safety of consumers, and restricting the export of vegetables from China. Biological control is the most important means to control both pests and diseases and solve problems caused by chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant protection technical workers at all levels should vigorously promote the superiority of biological control to farmers, deepen farmers' understanding of biological control work, and voluntarily adopt biological control technology in production.
2. Strengthening the training of biological control technologies Biological control has the following characteristics: (1) It is highly specialized, and it is necessary to make a definitive diagnosis of pests in the field, and the right medicine can achieve good results; (2) The protection and artificial release of natural enemies need to be accurate. The operation should also be subject to relevant training; (3) the environmental requirements such as light and humidity are relatively strict, and it is easy to decompose under the unsuitable conditions, affecting the control effect; (4) Most biological agents have slow onset, and attention should be paid to the monitoring of field pest information. Early prevention and control. Therefore, the operation of biological control measures is far more complicated than the application of chemical pesticides. If improper operation affects the control effect, it will also shake the farmers' confidence in adopting biological control technology. This requires plant protection technicians at all levels to strengthen biological control technologies among farmers. Training work. At the same time, we must truly recognize the dominant position of farmers in biological control, improve traditional training methods, use typical models to demonstrate, start farmer field schools, and train farmers leaders to improve the technology availability rate.
The current common diseases include downy mildew, sclerotinia, gray mold, anthracnose, blight, blight, etc. The pests are cabbage caterpillar, diamondback moth, beet armyworm, cotton bollworm, Liriomyza sativae, etc. Sexual diseases and weeds also cause significant losses to vegetable production. According to the analysis of the area and damage caused by diseases and insects in recent years, the occurrence of vegetable pests and diseases has the following characteristics: (1) American spotted dung rope, Noctuidae, soil-borne diseases, viral diseases, bacterial and physiological diseases. When new diseases and insects rise, the damage is more serious and difficult to control; (2) gray mold, downy mildew, anthracnose, blight, and diamondback moths, mites and other long-term damage to old pests and diseases, and the resistance is enhanced. The damage caused is still very serious; (3) the area of ​​pests and diseases is increasing year by year. In 1998, the area of ​​pests and diseases was 4.7 times and 3.5 times that of 1990, respectively. The annual area of ​​pests was greater than the disease, but caused by diseases. The losses are greater than the losses caused by pests, so the disease is an important factor restricting the increase of vegetable yield; (4) The rapid expansion of the protected area provides conditions for the wintering of pests and diseases, making high-humidity, low-temperature diseases and small insect pests develop rapidly. The frequency of the epidemic is high, the resistance is rapid, and the damage is serious.
2. Prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases According to relevant statistical data, the area of ​​vegetable pest control has increased year by year in 1990-1998, and the area of ​​prevention and control of pests is greater than that of diseases. This is another point of view, the disease is the prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases. In a relatively weak aspect, it is necessary to strengthen the emphasis on disease prevention and control.
The current problems in the prevention and control of pests and diseases are: (1) The problem of pest resistance is outstanding. According to statistics, Plutella xylostella resistance to deltamethrin is up to 10,000 times, resistance to fenvalerate and malathion is 3000 times, and resistance to cypermethrin is also nearly 1000 times. Laiwu against Converse Resistance up to 6000 times, resistance to fenvalerate over 500 times, resistance to deltamethrin and malathion up to 400 times, resistance to dimethoate, acephate and dichlorvos up to 100 Times, resistance to omethoate is 20 times. (2) The problem of chemical pesticide abuse in vegetable fields is serious. In most parts of China, the control of pests and diseases in vegetable fields mainly relies on chemical pesticides. The average dosage of pesticides in each growing season is more than 20 times, and the proportion of pesticides exceeds 50%. (3) The quality of vegetable farmers and their ability to make decisions need to be improved, and training is urgently needed. In the survey, 89.6% of the farmers expressed their willingness to receive training. When encountering pests and diseases that they did not know, 54.2% of the farmers went to consult agricultural technicians. This shows that agricultural science and technology personnel are prestigious in the hearts of vegetable farmers. Plant protection technicians should give full play to their own technological advantages and vigorously carry out training and promotion of integrated pest management based on biological control.
Second, the application of biological control technology in the prevention and control of vegetable pests and diseases 1. Protection and utilization of natural enemies The research and promotion of the industrial reproduction and field release technology of Trichogramma in China began in the 1960s and was first applied only to corn borer and sugar cane. The prevention and control of cockroaches, and gradually the application of a variety of Trichogramma to control vegetable pests. In Shanxi Province, the application of Trichogramma to large-scale control of spinach and lettuce field, the egg parasitism rate is 78.68%, while also controlling the small tigers in the vegetable garden adjacent to the cotton field, controlling the cotton seedlings to be less than 0.01%, and Compared with the photo, the relative seedling rate increased by 96.67%. In Jilin Province, the application of Trichogramma sinensis (plain type) to control the cabbage moth in the cabbage field, the effect reached 77.1%, reducing the use of chemical pesticides 5-7 times, effectively controlling the residual pollution of pesticides on vegetables. Beijing and Heilongjiang and other places to carry out the test of the use of Litchi bee to control whitefly in the protected area of ​​tomato, the effect can reach 90%, increase production by 20%, greatly reducing the pollution of chemical pesticides on vegetables. At present, many chemical pesticides pollute vegetables. At present, research and demonstration work on pollution-free vegetable production technology has been carried out in many areas. The number and types of natural enemy applications have increased significantly, reducing the cost of prevention and control by 10%-25%, and controlling pesticide residues in vegetables under the nationally permitted standards.
2. Development and application of microbial preparations (1) Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bt is the most successful research and development of bacterial pesticides in China. It has achieved commercialization and standardized production, and has evolved from a single powder dosage form to a variety of powders, emulsions and water-based agents. It has become the most widely used and most productive microorganism. preparation. After a series of process improvements, the quality and production efficiency of Bt products have been significantly improved, and the production costs have dropped significantly. It has won the trust of farmers and the application area has expanded rapidly. At present, there are more than 70 Bt preparation manufacturers in China, with an annual output of up to 20,000 tons and an annual application area of ​​over 3.33 million hectares. It has become the leading biological agent for controlling lepidopteran pests in vegetable production.
(2) Agricultural antibiotic preparations. The application of agricultural antibiotics in the prevention and control of vegetable diseases and insect pests in China has a long history and a high level. In the 1990s, the development and application of antibiotics entered a new climax, and avermectin was a typical representative. In 1996-1997, the National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center organized 11 provinces and municipalities, and carried out 14 species of pests in 3 orders and 7 families in the control of cruciferous, cucurbitaceae and solanaceous vegetables. More than 50 tests, such as pests and nematodes, have achieved good results. The target pests are mainly Liriomyza, Plutella xylostella, Pieris rapae, whitefly, thrips, leek, root-knot nematodes, beet armyworm, cabbage moth, sassafras, rapeseed, bean mites, mites and mites Etc., the insects have a good effect on the control of the main vegetable pests of Lepidoptera, Diptera, Homoptera and P. The control effect on the 1st day after application was 83.3%, the control effect on 3d was 91.7%, the control effect on 5-7d was 93.8%, and the average effect period was 7-15d. The control of Liriomyza and some cockroaches The effect period is 25-30d, which has the characteristics of high control effect, quick effect and good effect. The control effects of resistant pests such as Plutella xylostella, Plutella xylostella, Liriomyza, and Spodoptera exigua are also ideal. There was no phytotoxicity problem in all areas, which further confirmed the safety of worms on crops.
In the past two years, Sichuan, Yunnan, Henan, Guangdong, Shandong, Hainan and Heilongjiang provinces have carried out experimental demonstrations on the prevention and control of vegetable virus diseases with Ningnanmycin. The results show that the effect of Ningnanmycin on tomato virus disease is 57.80%-72.68%, the control effect on green pepper disease is 72.10%-79.07%, the average control effect on cucumber virus disease is 85.27%, and the control effect against Chinese cabbage virus disease is 81.44%, which has ideal effect. . The use of agricultural anti-120 to control powdery mildew, melon wilt, Wuyincin to control cucumber powdery mildew, Liuyangmycin and Huaguangmycin killing experiments, demonstration work has also been carried out. According to statistics, as of the end of 1998, there were 16 varieties of agricultural antibiotics registered and produced in the country, with an annual output of 70,000 tons and an annual application area of ​​20 million hectares.
(3) Viral preparations. At present, 243 strains of viruses have been found in 196 species of insects in China, of which 58 viruses have been found in 46 species of tea tree pests. Parasitic insects involve 7 orders, 35 families and 127 genera, and more than 20 kinds of virus preparations have been tested in field control. Applied to vegetables, there are Helicoverpa armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus, Beet armyworm granulosis virus, Spodoptera litura polyhedrosis virus, etc. The field control effect is at least 70%, up to 90%, and can be in the field. Natural reproduction, long-term effect.
(4) Fungal preparations. China has a long history of application of Beauveria bassiana to control lepidopteran pests. At present, the high content of spore powder of Beauveria bassiana contains live spores of 100 billion / g, and the preparation content is 5 billion - 10 billion / g. The Trichoderma preparation has been successfully developed, and the registration of pesticides has been obtained. It has a relatively good effect and application prospect for the control of vegetable gray mold.
3. Other preparations Since the "Ninth Five-Year Plan", the insect information hormone has developed rapidly. At present, it has been able to synthesize insect attractants such as cotton bollworm and diamondback moth, and has been successfully applied to pest detection, fascination and trapping. Plant-derived insecticides such as nicotine, matrine, fish vine, and Chuanxiong are also partially used. In addition, the research on the use of nematodes to control vegetable pests was also carried out. Fujian Province carried out a test to release the main vegetable pests of Chinese hornworm, and the infection rate of Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua was 60%-76.7%. The infection rate is 66%, and the control effect is very obvious, which is of great significance for the production of pollution-free vegetables.
III. Popularization measures 1. Vigorously carry out the propaganda work of biological control technology. The long-term dependence on chemical pesticides has destroyed the ecological structure of farmland. The natural enemy's ability to control the disease has been weakened, and the resistance of pests and diseases has developed rapidly, resulting in frequent and frequent occurrence of pests and diseases. Put the prevention and control work into a vicious circle. As a result, pesticide residues in agricultural products have exceeded the standard seriously, directly threatening the health and safety of consumers, and restricting the export of vegetables from China. Biological control is the most important means to control both pests and diseases and solve problems caused by chemical pesticides. Therefore, plant protection technical workers at all levels should vigorously promote the superiority of biological control to farmers, deepen farmers' understanding of biological control work, and voluntarily adopt biological control technology in production.
2. Strengthening the training of biological control technologies Biological control has the following characteristics: (1) It is highly specialized, and it is necessary to make a definitive diagnosis of pests in the field, and the right medicine can achieve good results; (2) The protection and artificial release of natural enemies need to be accurate. The operation should also be subject to relevant training; (3) the environmental requirements such as light and humidity are relatively strict, and it is easy to decompose under the unsuitable conditions, affecting the control effect; (4) Most biological agents have slow onset, and attention should be paid to the monitoring of field pest information. Early prevention and control. Therefore, the operation of biological control measures is far more complicated than the application of chemical pesticides. If improper operation affects the control effect, it will also shake the farmers' confidence in adopting biological control technology. This requires plant protection technicians at all levels to strengthen biological control technologies among farmers. Training work. At the same time, we must truly recognize the dominant position of farmers in biological control, improve traditional training methods, use typical models to demonstrate, start farmer field schools, and train farmers leaders to improve the technology availability rate.
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