MIT develops high-precision atomic clocks with only Rubik's cube size

According to media reports, the most accurate timing tool in the world is the atomic clock, which appeared in the 1950s. The atomic clock is timed by the electromagnetic waves emitted by the atom as it absorbs or releases energy. Because this electromagnetic wave is very stable, coupled with a series of sophisticated instruments for control, the timing of the atomic clock can be very accurate.

The future atomic clock can be shrunk enough to fit into people's pockets.
Researchers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology are developing a high-precision atomic clock that is only the size of the cube, about 5 cm on each side. In the future, such atomic clocks may be used for timing where traditional watches cannot work, such as undersea or war zones, where signal interference can limit the transmission of satellite networks.

Like other atomic clocks, the prototype developed by MIT researchers calculates the time by measuring the natural vibration of helium atoms in a vacuum. All atoms vibrate at a specific frequency as they move between two energy levels, but since the 1960s, the vibrational frequencies of helium atoms have been used to define a length of one second. In essence, one second is equivalent to 9,192,631,770 vibrations of helium atoms.

In order to record the vibration of helium atoms, scientists usually use a so-called fountain clock. It is a bit like a fountain of water spray, which sprays a group of helium atoms into the air and records the number of vibrations. Recording more than 9 billion vibrations requires a big clock. To shrink these huge instruments, the researchers decided to measure less vibration within 10 milliseconds.

By multiplying the number of vibrations recorded in 10 milliseconds by 100, the researchers were able to estimate how many vibrations would occur in a second. They also exchange the microwave beam that the atom passes through with the laser beam, which makes it easier to control in a small range. With these changes, MIT's research team was able to make the fountain clock more compact. However, the MIT team's fountain atomic clock is not as accurate as the NIST-F2 atomic clock, and the NIST-F2 atomic clock is accurate for up to 300 million years.

If researchers succeed in reducing the atomic clock to a portable size, it can be used in areas where atomic clocks are not available, such as cell phones. Submarine crews and deep sea divers can even use these high precision clocks underwater.

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