A research team from Carnegie Mellon University recently published a paper in the *Journal of Applied Energy*, highlighting how plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can be integrated into a car-to-grid (V2G) system. By implementing controllable charging, they found that energy costs could be reduced by between 54% and 73%, depending on the situation. This flexibility not only helps users save nearly half on their charging expenses but also offers significant benefits when combined with renewable energy sources.
For instance, adding just 20% green wind power to the grid can cut costs by an additional 5% to 15%. In systems requiring expansion, the potential savings could reach as high as 50% to 60%. Wind energy, being one of the fastest-growing electricity sources in the U.S., is seen as a key player in the future of renewable power. However, its intermittent nature requires the grid to use adaptive components to manage fluctuations effectively.
To address this, natural gas turbine plants often adjust their output in response to changes in wind energy supply, helping maintain grid stability. Recent studies show that using gas turbines to balance wind energy can lower greenhouse gas emissions, though it may increase nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions and reduce overall wind power generation.
All plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), including PHEVs and battery electric vehicles (BEVs), contribute to higher electricity demand, which can lead to increased emissions. However, these vehicles also offer a promising solution for enhancing grid flexibility. By acting as mobile energy storage units, PEVs can support bidirectional energy flow—allowing the grid to charge them and, when needed, draw power back from them.
Despite this potential, the adoption of V2G systems remains limited, with small market share and low profitability. Additionally, frequent charging and discharging can shorten battery life. However, by adjusting the charging rate based on real-time wind energy availability, the system can avoid unnecessary battery cycles, potentially extending battery life by reducing heat generation.
In the U.S., high-quality wind energy is often produced at night when demand is low. Intelligent charging systems help make better use of this energy, avoiding the need for coal plants to ramp up unnecessarily, which would increase both costs and emissions. Instead, excess wind energy can be stored or used more efficiently.
Power companies can build more wind energy storage solutions and reduce reliance on gas turbines during periods of surplus wind. This approach not only stabilizes the grid but also proves to be the most cost-effective and efficient method.
The Carnegie Mellon team evaluated the cost-saving potential of controllable charging under varying wind conditions. Their goal was to determine whether PHEVs could help offset the costs associated with large-scale wind integration. They found that smart charging strategies could mitigate the negative impacts of vehicle usage on the grid.
During the study, researchers focused on PHEVs without altering current driving habits. They tested different charging scenarios—such as fast charging, delayed charging, and no charging—under various conditions, including high or low wind energy levels, different numbers of connected vehicles, and varying initial power generation capacities.
To model this, they developed a mixed-integer linear programming framework based on the New York Independent System Operator (NYISO). Using hourly wind and load data, they simulated energy storage expansion, power plant dispatch, and vehicle charging. The results were compared with 15-minute forecasts to assess the importance of supply and demand trends over time. Rather than evaluating total power plant capacity, they focused on the difference between fully charged systems and those needing capacity upgrades.
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