Basic characteristics of Xiuyan jade:
Ingredients: Xiuyan jade has complex material composition, physical properties, and fine arts and crafts characteristics, so it is not a single jade.
According to the different mineral composition, Xiuyan jade can be divided into three kinds of serpentine jade, tremolite jade, serpentine jade and tremolite jade, among which serpentine jade is the main one. According to the infrared absorption spectrum curve, the composition of serpentine jade is shown, and a small amount of serpentine and serpentine are contained.
The tremolite is mainly composed of tremolite, and the chlorite jade is mainly composed of chlorite. The Xiuyan jade can be divided into three types: serpentine jade, color jade, and green jade by means of microscope, transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction analysis, and differential thermal analysis.
The mineral composition of snake jade is not consistent, for example: 1 green snake jade, mainly composed of serpentine; 2 yellow snake jade, mainly composed of serpentine, also contains serpentine, serpentine; 3 white snake jade, mainly composed of leaf serpentine.
Color: Flower color jade can be divided into two kinds of flower jade and flower jade: the spotted jade refers to more green patches in its white, the green spot is composed of chlorite, and the white part is tremolite. The flower jade finger has gray, black, and blue-purple spots in its white color. This band is composed of black minerals and magnesite, and the white part is leaf serpentine.
The green mud jade is dark green, green and light green, and is mainly composed of pale sloping chlorite.
Structure: Due to the differences in mineral composition, genesis, grain size and symbiotic relationship of different stones, the jade structure of Xiuyan jade is also quite distinctive.
Observed by polarized light microscopy, the most important one is the fine-grained crystal structure, such as the fiber scale crystal structure of serpentine jade, the fiber columnar crystal structure of tremolite, and the scale structure of chlorite jade. The metasomatic structure is also commonly developed in Xiuyan jade. Among them, there are common residual structures, metasomatic ring structures, and metasomatic dissolution structures. However, according to electron microscopy, Xiuyan jade is mainly an interwoven structure in which minerals interpenetrate, cross and inlay.
If the structure develops better, the finer the mineral grain size and the more uniform, the greater the hardness of Xiuyan jade. The structure of Xiuyan jade is mainly dense block, especially for high quality jade. Those jade stones that have a vein-like interpenetrating structure, a sheet-like structure, and a fragmented structure have poor texture or do not meet the quality requirements at all.
Color: The color of Xiuyan jade is dark green, green, light green, yellow green, gray green, yellow brown, brown, dark red, sallow, white, yellow white, green white, gray white, black and so on.
The existence of such rich colors often makes Xiuyan jade extremely beautiful "fun". The depth of the color is related to the amount of iron. When the iron is contained, the color is generally dark, and vice versa. Jade also has a strong waxy luster, glass luster, and some oily luster; micro-transparent to translucent, a few show. Its transparency is related to mineral composition and chemical composition.
When Xiuyan jade is composed entirely of serpentine, its transparency is high. If the content of impurities is 5% to 10%, the transparency is poor. When the content of iron and magnesium in Xiuyan jade is high, its transparency tends to be poor; otherwise, the transparency will increase. The refractive index is 1.49~1.57. The hardness is 4.8-5.5 and the density is 2.45~2.48 g/cm3. Studies have shown that the hardness is related to its own structure, and the cut surface of the parallel fibers is harder than the cut surface of the vertical fibers. For example, the serpentine jade has a hardness of 5.82 in the direction of the parallel fibers, 5.61 in the direction of the vertical fibers, 2.91 in the direction of the parallel fibers of the chlorite jade, 2.86 in the direction of the parallel fibers, and the like.
Not only that, the hardness of Xiuyan jade is also related to its chemical composition. For example, the higher the content of iron and the smaller the content of magnesium, the higher the hardness. Among the known jade in China, Xiuyan jade is a mid-range jade, and a few of the finest textures are medium-to-high-grade jade.
Chemical composition: In terms of chemical composition, due to the different mineral composition and symbiotic combination of different jade species in Xiuyan jade, the chemical composition is also quite different (Table 12-30, according to the Seventh Team of Liaoning Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources) : Serpentine jade is relatively rich in magnesium, rich in silicon, and poor in aluminum.
The fluorite is relatively rich in silicon, rich in calcium, and poor in magnesium. The chlorite jade is relatively lean in magnesium, poor in silicon, and rich in aluminum. Serpentine differs in chemical composition due to the difference in gangue minerals that are symbiotic with it. The chemical composition of the pure serpentine jade is generally close to the theoretical content of various components of serpentine minerals, while the content of various components of serpentine jade with poor texture of more gangue minerals changes. Larger. If it is rich in silicate minerals, the content of SiO 2 and CaO is increased, and the content of MgO is lowered.
For example, tremolite-containing tremolite serpentine jade contains 56.8% SiO 2 , 24.36% MgO, 12.70% Cao, 0.51% Al 2 O 3 , H 2 O 1.20%, and the like. Studies have shown that the chemical composition of the above serpentine jade, tremolite jade and chlorite jade is close to the content of the single mineral theoretical composition of serpentine, tremolite and chlorite, especially for good transparency. Serpentine jade is closer to the theoretical content of serpentine. As for the trace farness in Xiuyan jade, serpentine jade is characterized by high boron content (10-20 times) in serpentine and magnesite near the mine.
Among other trace elements that can be detected, arsenic, antimony, cadmium, antimony, silver and zinc are significantly larger than the Clark value, and their content is similar to that of the near-mineral surrounding rock. The general trend is that the content of boron, chromium, copper and zinc gradually decreases from the ore body to the surrounding rock, and the one that is obviously smaller than the carat value is three times less than the chromium, the nickel is one time less, and the cobalt is one time less.
(1) Serpentine jade (岫玉, 花玉, etc.) Properties: Hardness: 4.5～5.5° Density: 2.61g/cm3 Refractoriness: 1500～1600 degrees Color: green, yellow, white, red, black and other ingredients: Magnesium oxide (MgO) 42.1% silica (SiO2) 43.8% calcium oxide (CaO) 0.15% crystal water (H2O) 11.7% ferric oxide (Fe2O3) 0.64%
(2) Twilight stone jade (old jade, Hemo jade, Shibao jade) Properties: Hardness: 6.36 ~ 6.46 degrees Density: 2.91 ~ 3.1 g / cm 3 Refractive index: 1.60 ~ 1.62 Color: yellow, white, green, black , sugar color components: silicon dioxide (SiO2) 61.28% magnesium oxide (MgO) 24.25% calcium oxide (CaO) 11.56% iron oxide (FeO) 0.39% aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 0.86% sodium oxide (Na2O) 0.16%
(3) Mixture of serpentine jade and tremolite jade (Jade) Properties: Hardness: 4.91 to 5.83 degrees Density: 2.66 g/cm 3 Color: white-green phase composition Green component: silica (SiO2) 42.38% oxidation Magnesium (MgO) 43.60% iron oxide (FeO) 2.16% aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 0.18% white component: magnesium oxide (MgO) 27.42% silica (SiO2) 56.89% calcium oxide (CaO) 13.22% iron oxide ( FeO) 0.37%
Resource distribution:
The area where Xiuyanyu is located is located at the western end of the Zhonglong-Taikou-Kuandian paleo-uplift in the Liaodong, China. The ancient strata in the area are developed with complex structures and strong metamorphism, which provides good conditions for the formation of the Xiuyan jade deposit. The jade ore body is mainly lens-shaped and exists in the magnesium-rich carbonate rock strata of the Dashiqiao Formation of the Liaohe Group in ancient times. It is controlled by a certain layer, especially the dolomite marble-magmsite layer is the most important. Contains jade layer. The deposit is a layer-controlled metamorphic hydrothermal metasomatic jade deposit.
Yield:
It is known that Xiuyan jade is widely distributed in the Liaodong Peninsula and has a large output. In the case of Xiuyan County alone, its famous Bewagou mining area is a mining area with abundant resources, long mining time and large annual output. In addition, more than 10 deposits or mines have been discovered in Xiuyan County. Others such as Kuandian, Fengcheng, Dandong and other places also have Xiuyan jade deposits, ore points or mineralization clues. Its ore-bearing strata are also carbonate-rich rock layers of the Dashiqiao Formation of the Liaohe Group in the Proterozoic.
The national standard GB/T16552-1996 "Jewelry and jade name" in the name of "Yuyu", specifically refers to the Xiuyan jade with the concept of local name. Xiyu is produced in Hadabei Town, Xiuyan Manchu Autonomous County, Liaoning Province, 21 kilometers away from the county seat, and distributed in the area of ​​Beiwagou and Wangjiapuzi.
In 1992, Hadabei Township discovered a piece of jadeite weighing 260.76 tons, which was transported to Anshan City. In October 1995, it was carved into a jade Buddha with exquisite craftsmanship. In 1996, Anshan Yufoyuan, which covers an area of ​​20,000 square meters, was officially completed. Become a famous tourist landscape. On June 18, 1996, a half-slope of Wagou Mountain in Wagou Village, Hadabei Town, was found to have a height of 25 meters, a maximum diameter of 30 meters, a volume of about 24,000 cubic meters, and a weight of about 60,000 tons. The largest jade found. The jade pebbles in the river are called river jade, which is a kind of high quality jade.
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