The machinery manufacturing industry encompasses a wide range of sectors, including the production of various types of equipment such as transportation vehicles, machine tools, agricultural machinery, textile machines, power systems, and precision instruments. Typical facilities in this sector include foundries, forging workshops, heat treatment areas, machining centers, and assembly lines. While the specific hazards may vary slightly, they often share common risks.
1. **Dust Exposure** – One of the most significant hazards is dust, particularly in casting operations. Activities like sand preparation, molding, sand removal, and cleaning can release large amounts of airborne particles. During the trimming of castings, dust levels can be extremely high, with quartz being especially hazardous. In machining processes, grinding and polishing metal parts can generate metal and mineral dust, which can lead to pneumoconiosis. Welding also produces fumes from fluxes, electrode cores, and the materials being welded, which can cause long-term respiratory issues if not properly controlled.
2. **High Temperature and Heat Radiation** – Machinery manufacturing plants that involve casting, forging, and heat treatment are typically exposed to intense heat. Foundries have molten metals, hot castings, and drying furnaces, while forging and heat treatment areas use heating furnaces. These environments create extreme temperatures, increasing the risk of heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses.
3. **Toxic Gases and Fumes** – Smelting and heating processes can emit harmful gases like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, especially near feed ports. When phenolic resins are used as binders, formaldehyde and ammonia may be released. Zinc oxide smoke from brass smelting can cause "foundry fever." Heat treatment processes may produce organic solvent vapors such as benzene, toluene, and methanol. Electroplating generates chromic acid mist, nickel acid mist, and cyanide vapors, while welding emits carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Spray painting operations also release volatile organic compounds like benzene, toluene, and xylene.
4. **Noise, Vibration, and UV Radiation** – Noise is a major concern in mechanical manufacturing. Sand tamping machines, pneumatic tools, forging hammers, and grinding wheels all contribute to high noise levels. Additionally, electric, gas, and arc welding can emit ultraviolet radiation, which can cause photokeratitis (electro-ophthalmia) if proper eye protection is not used.
5. **Physical Strain and Injuries** – Manual tasks such as casting, sand handling, and forging are physically demanding, even when using powered tools like pneumatic hammers or hydraulic presses. The need to frequently adjust workpieces increases the physical load. These jobs are often performed in high-temperature environments, which can strain the cardiovascular system and affect body temperature regulation.
Casting and forging operations carry a higher risk of trauma and burns due to splashing molten metal, iron scraps, and slag. Machining shops often see eye and finger injuries from cutting tools. Moreover, coolants used in metal cutting can irritate the skin, adding to the health risks faced by workers.
China Labor Insurance Network
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