1 current (current): The ordered movement of an electric charge under the action of an electric field forms a current, and the magnitude of a measure of the current is the current intensity, or simply current. Its magnitude is the amount of charge that passes through a conductor cross section of the circuit per unit of time. Expressed by the symbol i(t), the unit is A (ampere).
2 Voltage: The electric force's work to move a unit of positive charge from one point to another is a physical measure of the power of an electric field. Expressed by the symbol u(t), the unit is V (volts).
3 electromotive force (electromotive force): The external force (non-electric force) in the power supply is the physical quantity that measures the power of the external force to move the unit positive charge from the negative pole of the power supply to the positive pole of the power supply. Expressed by the symbol e(t), the unit is V (volts).
4 electric potential (electricpotential): In the circuit as an optional reference point, the voltage from a point to the reference point is called the point of the potential, with the symbol V, the unit is V (volts).
5 Electrical energy: The work done by an electric force over a period of time is called electric energy and is represented by the symbol W in J (joules).
6 Thevenin's Theorem: In a linear circuit, any two-terminal network with independent sources can be replaced by an ideal voltage source and a resistor in series with the external circuit. The voltage of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage of the active two-terminal network. The resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of all independent power supplies in the active two-terminal network after they are zeroed.
7 superposition theorem (superpositiontheorem): In a linear circuit, the current or voltage of any branch is equal to the algebraic sum of currents or voltages generated in the branch when each individual power supply in the circuit acts alone.
8 Kirchhoff's current law (KCL): At any instant in the circuit, the sum of the branch currents flowing into any node is always equal to the sum of the branch currents flowing out of that node. Or expressed as any moment in the circuit, the algebraic and constant of the branch current of any node is equal to zero.
9 Kirchhoff's voltage law (abbreviated as KVL): At any moment in the circuit, the sum of the voltage rises of the components of any circuit is always equal to the sum of the voltage drops. Or expressed as any moment in the circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage of each branch of any loop is equal to zero.
Ohm's Law (Ohm's law): It represents the basic law of the relationship between voltage u, current i, and resistance R in a circuit.
11 reference direction: The direction of any assumed current or voltage when analyzing a circuit. After the reference direction is specified, the current or voltage is a generation number. If the current or voltage is positive, the actual direction of the current or voltage is consistent with the reference direction; otherwise, the actual direction of the current or voltage is opposite to the reference direction.
12 rated value (rated value): The voltage, current and power of various electrical equipments have a certain limit when they are working. These limits indicate their normal working conditions and working ability. The rating is generally expressed by the subscript N.
13 power: The power absorbed or emitted by a circuit in a unit of time. Expressed by the symbol P or p(t), the unit is W (watts).
14 active power (active power): The average value of instantaneous power in a cycle, also known as the average power, is indicated by a capital P, and the unit is W (watts).
15 reactive power (reactivepower): The magnitude of the instantaneous power to measure the exchange of energy between the inductor or capacitor element and the power supply, called reactive power, with capital Q, in units of Var.
16 apparent power (apparent power): In the AC circuit, the product of the terminal voltage and the effective value of the current, known as the apparent power, represents the capacity of the electrical equipment. Denoted by the capital S, the unit is V·A (volt-amperes).
17 Instantaneous power: The product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous current. It is represented by a lowercase letter p in units of W (watts).
18 Resistor: An ideal component that characterizes the electrical energy consumed in a circuit. Denote by R in units of (ohms).
19 Inductor: An ideal component for the storage of magnetic energy in a circuit, referred to as an inductor. Expressed in L, the unit is H (Henry).
20 Capacitor: An ideal component for storing an electric field in a circuit, referred to as a capacitor. Expressed in C, the unit is F (farad).
Ideal circuit elements (ideal circuit elements): Circuit elements that characterize a single physical property abstracted from actual components.
Circuit model: A circuit that simulates a real component with an ideal circuit component or a combination of them.
22 voltage source: An ideal circuit component that provides a constant or alternating voltage and is an abbreviation for an ideal voltage source.
23 current source: An ideal circuit element that provides a constant or alternating current and is an abbreviation for an ideal current source.
24 controlled source: The voltage of a voltage source or the current of a current source controlled by the voltage or current of another circuit.
Impedance: The ratio of the port voltage and the port current of a passive two-terminal network, ie. Impedance is a complex number and is also often referred to as complex impedance. The unit is (ohms).
26 Admittance: The ratio of the port current and the port voltage of a passive two-terminal network, ie, it is a complex number and is also often called a complex admittance. The unit is S (Siemens). Admittance is the inverse of the impedance.
27 Impedance angle (impedance angle): The argument angle of the impedance is the phase difference between voltage and current in the circuit, which is determined by the parameters of the circuit itself.
Phasor (phasor): In a sinusoidal AC circuit, a complex number representing a sine quantity. Its modulus represents the effective value or the maximum value, and the radial angle represents the initial phase.
29 sinusoid (sinusoid): A physical quantity such as a voltage or current that varies according to a sine or cosine law in a circuit.
30 Phasordiagram: The phasors in the circuit are drawn on the complex plane in the form of directed lines, called phasor diagrams.
31 effective value (effectivevalue): sinusoidal alternating current through the resistor R in a cycle of heat and a DC current I through the same resistance R in the same time when the heat generated by the same time, then the DC current value I is The effective value of the AC current.
32 Inductive circuit: In an AC circuit, if the total voltage in the circuit leads the total current, the circuit is called an inductive circuit.
33 capacitive circuit: In an AC circuit, if the total voltage in the circuit lags behind the total current, the circuit is called a capacitive circuit.
34 resistive circuit (resistivecircuit): In the AC circuit, if the total voltage and total current in the circuit are in phase, the circuit is called a resistive circuit.
35 amplitude: Also called the maximum value, it is the maximum value that the sine quantity reaches during the whole process of changing with time.
36 angular frequency: The rate at which the phase of a sine wave changes with time.
37 Instantaneous value: A value at a certain moment during the change of electricity quantity with time.
38 phase: Angle of sine variation over time ( ).
39 initial phase: The value of the sine phase () at t=0.
40 phase difference: The difference between the two phases of the same frequency sine.
41 threephasesource: A power source consisting of three sinusoidal power supplies of the same amplitude and the same frequency, with a phase difference of 120o from each other.
42 three phase alternating current circuit (threephasealternatingcircuit): AC circuit powered by a three-phase AC power supply.
43 three phase four wire system (threephase fourwiresystem): A three-phase AC circuit with a neutral line.
44 threephasethreewiresystem: three-phase three-phase AC circuit without a neutral conductor.
45 phase voltage: The voltage between a phase line and a neutral line in a three-phase AC circuit.
46 phase current: The current flowing through each phase of the power supply or phase load in a three-phase AC circuit.
47 line voltage: The voltage between a phase line and a phase line in a three-phase AC circuit.
48 line current: The current flowing through the phase line in a three-phase AC circuit.
49 Y-connected source: Connect the three terminals U2, V2, and W2 of the three-phase power supply windings together into a common point, denoted by N. The three phase lines L1, V1, W1 of the three-phase power supply winding lead out three phase lines L1, L2, L3 and are connected to the external circuit. N point can also lead out a neutral line and the external circuit connection. This connection is called power supply. Star connection.
Information Organization: Yangzhou Tuopu Electric Technology Co., Ltd.
2 Voltage: The electric force's work to move a unit of positive charge from one point to another is a physical measure of the power of an electric field. Expressed by the symbol u(t), the unit is V (volts).
3 electromotive force (electromotive force): The external force (non-electric force) in the power supply is the physical quantity that measures the power of the external force to move the unit positive charge from the negative pole of the power supply to the positive pole of the power supply. Expressed by the symbol e(t), the unit is V (volts).
4 electric potential (electricpotential): In the circuit as an optional reference point, the voltage from a point to the reference point is called the point of the potential, with the symbol V, the unit is V (volts).
5 Electrical energy: The work done by an electric force over a period of time is called electric energy and is represented by the symbol W in J (joules).
6 Thevenin's Theorem: In a linear circuit, any two-terminal network with independent sources can be replaced by an ideal voltage source and a resistor in series with the external circuit. The voltage of the voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage of the active two-terminal network. The resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance of all independent power supplies in the active two-terminal network after they are zeroed.
7 superposition theorem (superpositiontheorem): In a linear circuit, the current or voltage of any branch is equal to the algebraic sum of currents or voltages generated in the branch when each individual power supply in the circuit acts alone.
8 Kirchhoff's current law (KCL): At any instant in the circuit, the sum of the branch currents flowing into any node is always equal to the sum of the branch currents flowing out of that node. Or expressed as any moment in the circuit, the algebraic and constant of the branch current of any node is equal to zero.
9 Kirchhoff's voltage law (abbreviated as KVL): At any moment in the circuit, the sum of the voltage rises of the components of any circuit is always equal to the sum of the voltage drops. Or expressed as any moment in the circuit, the algebraic sum of the voltage of each branch of any loop is equal to zero.
Ohm's Law (Ohm's law): It represents the basic law of the relationship between voltage u, current i, and resistance R in a circuit.
11 reference direction: The direction of any assumed current or voltage when analyzing a circuit. After the reference direction is specified, the current or voltage is a generation number. If the current or voltage is positive, the actual direction of the current or voltage is consistent with the reference direction; otherwise, the actual direction of the current or voltage is opposite to the reference direction.
12 rated value (rated value): The voltage, current and power of various electrical equipments have a certain limit when they are working. These limits indicate their normal working conditions and working ability. The rating is generally expressed by the subscript N.
13 power: The power absorbed or emitted by a circuit in a unit of time. Expressed by the symbol P or p(t), the unit is W (watts).
14 active power (active power): The average value of instantaneous power in a cycle, also known as the average power, is indicated by a capital P, and the unit is W (watts).
15 reactive power (reactivepower): The magnitude of the instantaneous power to measure the exchange of energy between the inductor or capacitor element and the power supply, called reactive power, with capital Q, in units of Var.
16 apparent power (apparent power): In the AC circuit, the product of the terminal voltage and the effective value of the current, known as the apparent power, represents the capacity of the electrical equipment. Denoted by the capital S, the unit is V·A (volt-amperes).
17 Instantaneous power: The product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous current. It is represented by a lowercase letter p in units of W (watts).
18 Resistor: An ideal component that characterizes the electrical energy consumed in a circuit. Denote by R in units of (ohms).
19 Inductor: An ideal component for the storage of magnetic energy in a circuit, referred to as an inductor. Expressed in L, the unit is H (Henry).
20 Capacitor: An ideal component for storing an electric field in a circuit, referred to as a capacitor. Expressed in C, the unit is F (farad).
Ideal circuit elements (ideal circuit elements): Circuit elements that characterize a single physical property abstracted from actual components.
Circuit model: A circuit that simulates a real component with an ideal circuit component or a combination of them.
22 voltage source: An ideal circuit component that provides a constant or alternating voltage and is an abbreviation for an ideal voltage source.
23 current source: An ideal circuit element that provides a constant or alternating current and is an abbreviation for an ideal current source.
24 controlled source: The voltage of a voltage source or the current of a current source controlled by the voltage or current of another circuit.
Impedance: The ratio of the port voltage and the port current of a passive two-terminal network, ie. Impedance is a complex number and is also often referred to as complex impedance. The unit is (ohms).
26 Admittance: The ratio of the port current and the port voltage of a passive two-terminal network, ie, it is a complex number and is also often called a complex admittance. The unit is S (Siemens). Admittance is the inverse of the impedance.
27 Impedance angle (impedance angle): The argument angle of the impedance is the phase difference between voltage and current in the circuit, which is determined by the parameters of the circuit itself.
Phasor (phasor): In a sinusoidal AC circuit, a complex number representing a sine quantity. Its modulus represents the effective value or the maximum value, and the radial angle represents the initial phase.
29 sinusoid (sinusoid): A physical quantity such as a voltage or current that varies according to a sine or cosine law in a circuit.
30 Phasordiagram: The phasors in the circuit are drawn on the complex plane in the form of directed lines, called phasor diagrams.
31 effective value (effectivevalue): sinusoidal alternating current through the resistor R in a cycle of heat and a DC current I through the same resistance R in the same time when the heat generated by the same time, then the DC current value I is The effective value of the AC current.
32 Inductive circuit: In an AC circuit, if the total voltage in the circuit leads the total current, the circuit is called an inductive circuit.
33 capacitive circuit: In an AC circuit, if the total voltage in the circuit lags behind the total current, the circuit is called a capacitive circuit.
34 resistive circuit (resistivecircuit): In the AC circuit, if the total voltage and total current in the circuit are in phase, the circuit is called a resistive circuit.
35 amplitude: Also called the maximum value, it is the maximum value that the sine quantity reaches during the whole process of changing with time.
36 angular frequency: The rate at which the phase of a sine wave changes with time.
37 Instantaneous value: A value at a certain moment during the change of electricity quantity with time.
38 phase: Angle of sine variation over time ( ).
39 initial phase: The value of the sine phase () at t=0.
40 phase difference: The difference between the two phases of the same frequency sine.
41 threephasesource: A power source consisting of three sinusoidal power supplies of the same amplitude and the same frequency, with a phase difference of 120o from each other.
42 three phase alternating current circuit (threephasealternatingcircuit): AC circuit powered by a three-phase AC power supply.
43 three phase four wire system (threephase fourwiresystem): A three-phase AC circuit with a neutral line.
44 threephasethreewiresystem: three-phase three-phase AC circuit without a neutral conductor.
45 phase voltage: The voltage between a phase line and a neutral line in a three-phase AC circuit.
46 phase current: The current flowing through each phase of the power supply or phase load in a three-phase AC circuit.
47 line voltage: The voltage between a phase line and a phase line in a three-phase AC circuit.
48 line current: The current flowing through the phase line in a three-phase AC circuit.
49 Y-connected source: Connect the three terminals U2, V2, and W2 of the three-phase power supply windings together into a common point, denoted by N. The three phase lines L1, V1, W1 of the three-phase power supply winding lead out three phase lines L1, L2, L3 and are connected to the external circuit. N point can also lead out a neutral line and the external circuit connection. This connection is called power supply. Star connection.
Information Organization: Yangzhou Tuopu Electric Technology Co., Ltd.
Niobium is a shiny gray metal with paramagnetism and belongs to Group 5 on the periodic table. High Purity Niobium has high ductility, but hardens as the amount of impurities increases. Its outermost electron-layer arrangement is very different from other Group 5 elements. The same phenomenon occurs on the front and back ruthenium (44), rhodium (45) and palladium (46) elements.
Z element number of electrons per layer
23 Vanadium 2, 8, 11, 2
41 Niobium 2, 8, 18, 12, 1
Tantalum 2, 8, 18, 32, 11, 2
105
Niobium
Niobium Oxide,Pure Niobium Wire,Pure Niobium,Niobium Anodized Wire
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